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American hip hop group

Public Enemy
Public Enemy performing in 2000
Background information
Origin	Long Island, New York, U.S.
Genres	Hip hop political hip hop East Coast hip hop hardcore hip hop progressive rap[ane]
Years active	1985–present
Labels	Def Jam Columbia PIAS
Associated acts	PE two.0 The Bomb Squad Paris Beastie Boys Anthrax Immature Blackness Teenagers Boogie Down Productions Prophets of Rage
Website	publicenemy.com
Members	Chuck D Flavor Flav DJ Lord
Past members	Professor Griff Terminator X

Public Enemy is an American hip hop group formed by Chuck D and Flavor Flav on Long Island, New York, in 1985.^{[2] [3]} The grouping rose to prominence for their political letters including subjects such as American racism and the American media. Their debut anthology, Yo! Bum Rush the Bear witness, was released in 1987 to critical acclaim, and their 2d album, Information technology Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988), was the first hip hop album to meridian The Hamlet Vox 's Pazz & Jop critics' poll.^[4] Their next three albums, Fear of a Black Planet (1990), Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black (1991) and Muse Ill-north-Hr Mess Age (1994), were also well received. The group has since released twelve more studio albums, including the soundtrack to the 1998 sports-drama film He Got Game and a collaborative album with Paris, Rebirth of a Nation (2006).

Public Enemy has gone through many lineup changes over the years, with Chuck D and Flavor Flav remaining the but abiding members. Co-founder Professor Griff left in 1989 merely rejoined in 1998, before parting ways again some years later. DJ Lord also joined Public Enemy in 1998 every bit the replacement of the grouping's original DJ Terminator X. In 2020, it was announced that Flavour Flav had been fired from the group.^[3] His firing was later revealed to be a publicity stunt that was called an Apr Fools' Mean solar day prank.^{[v] [6]} Public Enemy, without Flavour Flav, would besides tour and record music under the name of Public Enemy Radio which consists of the lineup of Chuck D, Jahi, DJ Lord and the S1Ws.

Public Enemy's offset iv albums during the late 1980s and early on 1990s were all certified either gold or platinum and were, according to music critic Robert Hilburn in 1998, "the most acclaimed body of work ever by a hip hop act".^[7] Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine called them "the most influential and radical ring of their time".^[8] They were inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2013.^[9] They were honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Accolade at the 62nd Grammy Awards.

History [edit]

1985–1987: Germination and early years [edit]

Public Enemy was formed in 1985 by Carlton Ridenhour (Chuck D) and William Drayton (Flavor Flav), who met at Long Island'south Adelphi University in the mid-1980s.^{[ citation needed ]} Developing his talents as an MC with Flav while delivering furniture for his father's business, Chuck D and Spectrum City, as the group was called, released the tape "Check Out the Radio", backed past "Lies", a social commentary—both of which would influence Rush Productions' Run–D.Grand.C. and Beastie Boys.^[10] Chuck D put out a tape to promote WBAU (the radio station where he was working at the time) and to fend off a local MC who wanted to boxing him. He chosen the record Public Enemy #1 because he felt similar he was being persecuted past people in the local scene.^{[ citation needed ]} This was the first reference to the notion of a public enemy in any of Chuck D'due south songs. The single was created by Chuck D with a contribution past Flavour Flav, though this was before the grouping Public Enemy was officially assembled.^{[ citation needed ]} Around 1986, Pecker Stephney, the former Plan Manager at WBAU, was approached past Sam Mulderrig, who offered Stephney a position with the label.^{[ citation needed ]} Stephney accepted, and his get-go assignment was to help fledgling producer Rick Rubin sign Chuck D, whose song "Public Enemy Number Ane" Rubin had heard from Andre "Doctor Dré" Chocolate-brown.^{[ citation needed ]}

According to the book The History of Rap Music by Cookie Lommel, "Stephney thought it was time to mesh the hard-hitting style of Run DMC with politics that addressed blackness youth. Chuck recruited Spectrum City, which included Hank Shocklee, his blood brother Keith Shocklee, and Eric "Vietnam" Sadler, collectively known as the Bomb Squad, to exist his production team and added another Spectrum City partner, Professor Griff, to become the grouping's Minister of Information. With the addition of Flavor Flav and some other local mobile DJ named Terminator X, the group Public Enemy was born".^{[ citation needed ]} Co-ordinate to Chuck, The S1W, which stands for Security of the Get-go Globe, "represents that the black man can be just as intelligent as he is strong. It stands for the fact that nosotros're not third-world people, we're first-world people; nosotros're the original people".^[11] Hank Shocklee came up with the name Public Enemy based on "underdog dearest and their developing politics" and the idea from Def Jam staffer Beak Stephney following the Howard Beach racial incident, Bernhard Goetz, and the death of Michael Stewart: "The Blackness homo is definitely the public enemy."^[12]

Public Enemy started out every bit opening act for the Beastie Boys during the latter's Licensed to Ill popularity,^{[ citation needed ]} and in 1987 released their debut album Yo! Bum Blitz the Show.^{[ commendation needed ]}

1987–1993: Mainstream success [edit]

Flavor Flav performing in Malmö in 1991.

The grouping's debut anthology, Yo! Bum Rush the Prove, was released in 1987 to disquisitional acclamation.^{[ citation needed ]} In October 1987, music critic Simon Reynolds dubbed Public Enemy "a elevation rock ring".^[13] They released their second album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Concur United states Back, in 1988, which performed better in the charts than their previous release, and included the hit single "Don't Believe the Hype" in addition to "Bring the Racket".^{[ citation needed ]} Information technology was the first hip hop album to exist voted anthology of the twelvemonth in The Hamlet Vox 's influential Pazz & Jop critics' poll.^[four]

In 1989, the group returned to the studio to record their third anthology, Fear of a Black Planet, which connected their politically charged themes. The album was supposed to be released in tardily 1989,^[xiv] merely was pushed dorsum to April 1990.^{[ citation needed ]} It was the about successful of whatever of their albums and, in 2005, was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry.^{[ citation needed ]} It included the singles "Welcome to the Terrordome", written after the ring was criticized by Jews for Professor Griff's anti-semitic comments, "911 Is a Joke", which criticized emergency response units for taking longer to arrive at emergencies in the blackness community than those in the white community, and "Fight the Power".^[15] "Fight the Power" is regarded as one of the most pop and influential songs in hip hop history.^[16] It was the theme vocal of Spike Lee's Practise the Right Thing.

Chuck D. performing in Malmö in 1991

The group'southward quaternary album, Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black, connected this trend, with songs similar "Can't Truss Information technology", which addressed the history of slavery and how the black community can fight back against oppression; "I Don't Wanna be Chosen Yo Nigga", a track that takes issue with the apply of the word nigga outside of its original derogatory context.^{[ commendation needed ]} The anthology also included the controversial song and video "By the Time I Get to Arizona", which chronicled the black community's frustration that some U.s.a. states did not recognize Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday as a national holiday. The video featured members of Public Enemy taking out their frustrations on politicians in the states not recognizing the holiday.^[17]

In 1992, the group was one of the kickoff rap acts to perform at the Reading Festival in the U.k., headlining the 2d day of the 3-day festival.^[eighteen]

1994–2019: Later years and member changes [edit]

Afterward a 1994 motorcycle blow shattered his left leg and kept him in the infirmary for a full month,^{[ citation needed ]} Terminator Ten relocated to his fifteen-acre farm in Vance Canton, North Carolina.^{[ citation needed ]} By 1998, he was fix to retire from the group and focus total-time on raising African black ostriches on his farm.^[19] In late 1998, the grouping started looking for Terminator 10's permanent replacement. Following several months of searching for a DJ, Professor Griff saw DJ Lord at a Vestax Battle and approached him about becoming the DJ for Public Enemy.^[20] DJ Lord joined as the group'due south full-time DJ just in time for Public Enemy's 40th World Tour.^[21] Since 1999, he has been the official DJ for Public Enemy on albums and world tours while winning numerous turntablist competitions, including multiple DMC finals.^[22]

In 2007, the group released an album entitled How Y'all Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?.^{[ commendation needed ]} Public Enemy'due south single from the album was "Harder Than You Think".^{[ commendation needed ]} Four years afterwards How Yous Sell Soul ... , in January 2011, Public Enemy released the album Beats and Places, a compilation of remixes and "lost" tracks.^{[ citation needed ]} On July xiii, 2012, Most of My Heroes Still Don't Appear on No Stamp was released and was exclusively available on iTunes.^{[ citation needed ]} In July 2012, on UK tv set an advertizing for the London 2012 Summer Paralympics featured a short remix of the vocal "Harder Than You Think". The advert caused the song to reach No. 4^[23] in the United kingdom Singles Chart on September 2, 2012.^[24] On July 30, 2012, Public Enemy performed a gratuitous concert with Salt-N-Pepa and Kid 'n Play at Wingate Park in Brooklyn, New York as part of the Martin Luther King Jr. Concert Series.^{[ citation needed ]} On August 26, 2012, Public Enemy performed at S Due west Four music festival in Clapham Common in London.^{[ citation needed ]} On Oct 1, 2012 The Evil Empire of Everything was released.^{[ citation needed ]} On June 29, 2013, they performed at Glastonbury Festival 2013.^{[ commendation needed ]} On September 14, 2013, they performed at Riot Fest & Carnival 2013 in Chicago, Illinois.^{[ commendation needed ]} On September 20, 2013, they performed at Anarchism Fest & Side Show in Byers, Colorado.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 2014, Chuck D launched PE ii.0 with Oakland rapper Jahi as a spiritual successor and "adjacent generation"^[25] of Public Enemy.^[26] Jahi met Chuck D backstage during a soundcheck at the 1999 Stone & Roll Hall of Fame and later appeared as a support act on Public Enemy'southward 20th Ceremony Bout in 2007.^{[ commendation needed ]} PE ii.0'south task is twofold, Jahi says, to "accept select songs from the PE itemize and cover or revisit them" as well every bit new material with members of the original Public Enemy including DJ Lord, Davy DMX, Professor Griff and Chuck D.^[27] PE 2.0's offset album People Go Ready was released on October 7, 2014. InsPirEd PE 2.0's 2d anthology and office two of a proposed trilogy was released a year subsequently on October xi, 2015.^[26] Man Plans God Laughs, Public Enemy'south thirteenth album, was released in July 2015.^{[ citation needed ]} On June 29, 2017, Public Enemy released their fourteenth anthology, Nothing Is Quick in the Desert.^{[ citation needed ]} The album was available for free download through Bandcamp until July 4, 2017.^[28]

2020–present: Controversy, Public Enemy Radio, and return to Def Jam [edit]

In tardily February 2020, it was announced that Public Enemy (billed as Public Enemy Radio) would perform at a campaign rally in Los Angeles on March 1, 2020, for Bernie Sanders, who was campaigning to be the nominee of the Autonomous Party in the 2020 presidential election.^[29] Days post-obit the annunciation, Flavor Flav's lawyer Matthew Friedman issued a cease-and desist letter asking the campaign to not use the grouping's proper noun or logo, stating: "While Chuck is certainly free to express his political views every bit he sees fit — his vocalism alone does non speak for Public Enemy".^[30] Chuck D responded to the statement by proverb: "Flavor chooses to dance for his money and non do benevolent work like this. He has a year to get his act together and become himself straight or he'south out".^[thirty] A lawyer for Chuck D added: "Chuck could perform as Public Enemy if he always wanted to; he is the sole owner of the Public Enemy trademark. He originally drew the logo himself in the mid-80s, is also the artistic visionary and the group's primary songwriter, having written Flavor'due south most memorable lines".^{[30] [31]}

On March i, 2020, prior to the group'due south performance at the Sanders rally, Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi, James Bomb and Pop Diesel issued a joint statement announcing that Flavor Flav had been fired from the group, stating: "Public Enemy and Public Enemy Radio will be moving forrad without Flavor Flav. Nosotros thank him for his years of service and wish him well".^[32] The statement also claimed: "Flavor Flav has been on suspension since 2016 when he was MIA from the Harry Belafonte do good in Atlanta, Georgia. That was the final straw for the group. He had previously missed numerous live gigs from Glastonbury to Canada, anthology recording sessions and photograph shoots. He always chose to political party over piece of work".^[33] On March ii, 2020, it was announced that Public Enemy Radio would be releasing the album Loud Is Non Plenty which was due for release in Apr 2020. The album was to characteristic the lineup of Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi and the S1Ws and according to a argument from the grouping it volition be "taking it dorsum to hip hop's original DJ-and-turntablist foundation".^[34]

On Apr one, 2020, it was revealed Flavor Flav's firing was a publicity stunt to proceeds attention and provide a commentary on disinformation, with Reuters claiming that Chuck D and Flavor Flav "concocted a fake split up to catch attending and highlight media bias towards reporting bad news near hip hop".^[5] In an interview with rapper Talib Kweli, Chuck D stated that the stunt was inspired by Orson Welles' 1938 radio drama "The State of war of the Worlds".^[35] In response, Flavor Flav tweeted: "I am not a part of your hoax" and: "There are more serious things in the globe correct now than April Fool'south jokes and dropping records. The world needs improve than this,,,you say we are leaders so deed similar one".^[36]

On June 19, 2020, Public Enemy (with Flavor Flav), released the unmarried and music video for their anti-Donald Trump song, "State of the Spousal relationship (STFU)".^{[ citation needed ]} Chuck D stated, "Our collective voices go on getting louder. The residuum of the planet is on our side. Simply it'southward not enough to talk virtually modify. Y'all have to show up and demand change. Folks gotta vote like their lives depend on it, cause information technology does".^[37] In 2020, the grouping returned to Def Jam and released their thirteenth studio anthology, What Y'all Gonna Do When the Grid Goes Downwards?, on September 25, 2020.^[38]

Legacy [edit]

Public Enemy's official logo

Public Enemy made contributions to the hip-hop world with sonic experimentation as well as political and cultural consciousness, which infused itself into skilled and poetic rhymes. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that "PE brought in elements of complimentary jazz, hard funk, even musique concrète, via [its] producing team the Bomb Squad, creating a dense, ferocious sound different anything that came before."^{[39] [xl]} Public Enemy held a stiff, pro-black, political stance. Before PE, politically motivated hip-hop was divers by a few tracks by Ice-T, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious V, Kurtis Accident and Boogie Down Productions. Other politically motivated opinions were shared by prototypical artists Gil Scott-Heron and the Final Poets. PE was a revolutionary hip-hop deed whose unabridged prototype rested on a specified political stance. With the successes of Public Enemy, many hip-hop artists began to celebrate Afrocentric themes, such as Kool Moe Dee, Gang Starr, Ten Clan, Eric B. & Rakim, Queen Latifah, the Jungle Brothers, and A Tribe Called Quest.

Public Enemy was ane of the offset hip-hop groups to do well internationally. PE changed the Cyberspace's music distribution capability by being 1 of the outset groups to release MP3-but albums,^[41] a format virtually unknown at the time.

Public Enemy helped to create and define "rap metal" past collaborating with Living Colour in 1988 ("Funny Vibe"), with Sonic Youth on the 1990 song "Kool Matter", and with New York thrash metallic outfit Anthrax in 1991. The single "Bring the Dissonance" was a mix of semi-militant blackness power lyrics, grinding guitars, and sporadic humor. The ii bands, cemented by a common respect and the personal friendship betwixt Chuck D and Anthrax'due south Scott Ian, introduced a hitherto conflicting genre to rock fans, and the 2 seemingly disparate groups toured together. Flavor Flav'southward pronouncement on stage that "They said this tour would never happen" (as heard on Anthrax'southward Live: The Island Years CD) has become a legendary annotate in both stone and hip-hop circles. Metal guitarist Vernon Reid (of Living Color) contributed to Public Enemy's recordings, and PE sampled Slayer'south "Angel of Death" one-half-time riff on "She Scout Channel Cipher?!"

Members of the Bomb Squad produced or remixed works for other acts, like Bong Biv DeVoe, Ice Cube, Vanessa Williams, Sinéad O'Connor, Blueish Magic, Peter Gabriel, L.L. Absurd J, Paula Abdul, Jasmine Guy, Jody Watley, Eric B & Rakim, Third Bass, Big Daddy Kane, EPMD, and Chaka Khan. According to Chuck D, "We had tight dealings with MCA Records and were talking about taking three guys that were left over from New Edition and coming up with an album for them. The iii happened to be Ricky Bong, Michael Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe, subsequently to become Bong Biv DeVoe. Ralph Tresvant had been slated to do a solo anthology for years, Bobby Dark-brown had left New Edition and experienced some solo success get-go in 1988, and Johnny Gill had just been recruited to come up in, just [he] had come up off a solo career and could always go dorsum to that. At MCA, Hiram Hicks, who was their manager, and Louil Silas, who was running the bear witness, were like, 'Yo, these kids were left out in the common cold. Can you come up with something for them?' It was a task that Hank, Keith, Eric, and I took on to try to put some kind of hip-hop-flavored R&B shit down for them. Later on, what happened in the four weeks of December [1989] was that the Flop Team knocked out a large piece of the production and organization on Bell Biv DeVoe'southward three-million selling anthology Poisonous substance. In Jan [1990], they knocked out Fear of a Blackness Planet in 4 weeks, and PE knocked out Ice Cube's album AmeriKKKa's Nigh Wanted in four to five weeks in February."^[42] They take also produced local talent such as Son of Bazerk, Young Black Teenagers, Kings of Pressure level, and True Mathematics—and gave producer Kip Collins his beginning in the business.

Poet and hip-hop artist Saul Williams uses a sample from Public Enemy's "Welcome to the Terrordome" in his vocal "Tr[n]igger" on the Niggy Tardust anthology. He also used a line from the song in his poem, amethyst rocks.

The Manic Street Preachers rail "Repeat (Stars And Stripes)" is a remix of the band's ain anti-monarchy tirade by Public Enemy production team The Flop Team of whom James Dean Bradfield and Richey Edwards were big fans. The vocal samples "Countdown to Armageddon" from Information technology Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back. The ring had previously sampled Public Enemy on their 1991 single Motown Junk.

The revolutionary influence of the band is seen throughout hip-hop and is recognized in society and politics. The band "rewrote the rules of hip-hop", changing the image, sound and message forever.^{[43] [44]} Pro-black lyrics brought political and social themes to hardcore hip hop, with stirring ideas of racial equality, and retribution confronting police force brutality, aimed at disenfranchised blacks, simply appealing to all the poor and underrepresented.^{[45] [46]} Earlier Public Enemy, hip hop music was seen as "throwaway entertainment", with trite sexist and homophobic lyrics.^[47] Public Enemy brought social relevance and strength to hip hop. They likewise brought black activist Louis Farrakhan to greater popularity, and they gave impetus to the Million Human being March in 1995.^[48]

The influence of the band goes as well beyond hip-hop in a unique^{[ citation needed ]} fashion, indeed the group was cited equally an influence by artists as diverse equally Autechre (selected in the All Tomorrow's Parties in 2003), Nirvana (It Takes a Nation of Millions to Agree Us Back being cited by Kurt Cobain among his favorite albums), Moby (also selected It Takes a Nation of Millions to Concur Us Back as 1 of his favourite albums),^[49] Nine Inch Nails (mentioned the band in Pretty Detest Machine credits), Björk (included Rebel Without a Pause in her The Breezeblock Mix in July 2007), Tricky (did a cover of Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos and appears in Practice Yous Wanna Become Our Fashion ??? video), The Prodigy (included Public Enemy No. 1 in The Dirtchamber Sessions Book One), Ben Harper, Clandestine Resistance (cited by both Mad Mike and Jeff Mills), Orlando Voorn, M.I.A., Amon Tobin, Mathew Jonson, Aphex Twin (Welcome To The Terrordome being the offset track played after the introduction at the Coachella Festival in April 2008), Rage Against the Auto (sampling the runway in their song "Renegades of Funk"), Porcupine Tree's Fear of a Blank Planet, and My Bloody Valentine who was influenced by the Bomb Squad'due south production for their sound.^[50]

Controversy [edit]

Martin Luther Rex Day [edit]

The 1991 song "By the Time I Go to Arizona" from Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black referenced the controversy a twelvemonth before when Arizona cancelled a land holiday for Martin Luther King Jr., and the NFL switched Super Basin XXVII from Arizona to California, costing the state an estimated loss of over $100 million.^{[51] [52]} A video of "Past the Time I Get to Arizona", which was shown just once on MTV, depicted Chuck D killing Arizona officials with motorcar guns and a car bomb.^[53]

Anti-Semitism [edit]

In 1989, in an interview with Public Enemy for the Washington Times, the interviewing announcer, David Mills, lifted some quotations from a U.k. mag in which the ring were asked their opinion on the Arab–Israeli conflict. Professor Griff commented that "Jews are responsible for the majority of the wickedness in the globe" (p. 177), a quote from The International Jew. Shortly after, Chuck D expressed an amends on his behalf.^[54] At a June 21, 1989, press briefing, Chuck D announced Griff'south dismissal from the group,^[54] and a June 28 statement past Russell Simmons, president of Def Jam Recordings and Rush Artists Management, stated that Chuck D. had disbanded Public Enemy "for an indefinite period of time".^[55] By August 10, however, Chuck D denied that he had disbanded the group, and stated that Griff had been re-hired as "Supreme Allied Chief of Community Relations" (in contrast to his previous position with the group as Minister of Information).^[54] Griff later denied holding anti-Semitic views and apologized for the remarks.^[56] Several people who had worked with Public Enemy expressed concern about Chuck D's leadership abilities and function as a social spokesman.^[57]

In his 2009 book, entitled Analytixz,^[58] Griff criticized his 1989 argument: "to say the Jews are responsible for the majority of wickedness that went on around the globe I would have to know nearly the majority of wickedness that went on around the globe, which is impossible ... I'grand not the best knower. Then, not only knowing that, I would have to know who is at the crux of all of the bug in the world and then blame Jewish people, which is not correct." Griff also said that non only were his words taken out of context, but that the recording has never been released to the public for an unbiased listen.

The controversy and apologies on behalf of Griff spurred Chuck D to reference the negative press they were receiving. In 1990, Public Enemy issued the single "Welcome to the Terrordome", which contains the lyrics: "Crucifixion own't no fiction / So-called chosen frozen / Apologies fabricated to whoever pleases / Still they got me like Jesus". These lyrics have been cited by some in the media as anti-Semitic, making supposed references to the concept of the "chosen people" with the lyric "so-chosen called" and Jewish deicide with the last line.^[59]

In 1999 the grouping released an album entitled At that place's a Poison Goin' On. The championship of the last vocal on the album is called "Swindler'south Animalism". The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) claimed that the title of the song was a give-and-take play on the title of the Steven Spielberg movie Schindler's List nigh the genocide of Jews in World War Two.^[60] Similarly in 2000 a Public Enemy spin off group under the name Confrontation Army camp, a name co-ordinate to the ADL, that is a pun on the term concentration military camp, released an album.^[61] The group consisted of Kyle Jason, Chuck D (nether the name Mistachuck) and Professor Griff.

Homophobia [edit]

Fright of a Black Planet's "Meet the Chiliad That Killed Me" described propagation of HIV. Upon its 1990 release, New York Times writer Peter Watrous criticized the vocal'southward lyrics as containing "stupidly crude" homophobia.^[62] Zoe Williams defended Public Enemy confronting charges of homophobia, citing the aforementioned passage as Watrous:

If you look at the seminal black artists at the outset of hip-hop, Public Enemy and Niggaz Wit Attitudes, you won't actually notice much homophobia. The simply recorded homophobic lyric in Public Enemy's canon was: 'Man to man/ I don't know if they can/ From what I know/ The parts don't fit' (a lyric from "Meet the Thousand that Killed Me" on Fear of a Black Planet").

—Williams, Zoe, "Hiphopophobia", The Guardian, 29 April 2003

Group members [edit]

Current members [edit]

• Chuck D (Carlton D. Ridenhour) – MC
• Flavor Flav (William J. Drayton, Jr.) – Hype homo, multi-instrumentalist
• Khari Wynn – lead guitars, music manager, MD, AMD
• DJ Lord (Lord Aswod) – DJ
• Davy DMX (David Franklin Reeves Jr.) – bass
• T-Os Motta – drums, percussion
• S1W
  • Brother James (James Norman)
  • Brother Roger (Roger Chillous)
  • Brother Mike (Michael Williams)
  • James Bomb (James Allen)
  • The Interrogator (Shawn K. Carter)
  • Big Casper (Tracy D. Walker)
  • Popular Diesel (sometimes spelt Popp Diezel)

Sometime members [edit]

• Terminator X (Norman Rogers) – DJ, Producer
• Professor Griff (Richard Griffin) – Government minister of Information
• DJ Johnny "Juice" Rosado – DJ, Scratching, Turntablist, Producer
• Sis Souljah (Lisa Williamson) – Minister of Data (took over Richard Griffin's place when Griffin left group)
• Brian Hardgroove – bass, guitars
• Michael Faulkner – drums, percussion
• S1W
  • Jacob "Big Jake" Shankle
• The Bomb Squad
  • Hank Shocklee (James Hank Boxley III) *original member
  • Keith Shocklee (Keith Boxley) *original member
  • Eric "Vietnam" Sadler *original fellow member
  • Gary M-Wiz (Gary Rinaldo) (took Eric Sadler's identify when Sadler left grouping)

Discography [edit]

Studio albums [edit]

• Yo! Bum Rush the Prove (1987)
• It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988)
• Fear of a Blackness Planet (1990)
• Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black (1991)
• Muse Sick-due north-Hour Mess Age (1994)
• At that place's a Toxicant Goin' On (1999)
• Revolverlution (2002)
• New Whirl Aroma (2005)
• How Y'all Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul? (2007)
• Most of My Heroes However Don't Appear on No Stamp (2012)
• The Evil Empire of Everything (2012)
• Man Plans God Laughs (2015)
• Nothing Is Quick in the Desert (2017)
• Loud Is Not Plenty (2020) (released nether the name Public Enemy Radio)
• What You Gonna Exercise When the Grid Goes Downwards? (2020)

Collaboration albums [edit]

• Rebirth of a Nation with Paris (2006)

Soundtrack albums [edit]

• He Got Game (1998)

Awards and nominations [edit]

Grammy Awards [edit]

^[63]

Year	Nominated work	Award	Event
1990	"Fight the Ability"	All-time Rap Performance by a Duo or Grouping	Nominated
1991	Fearfulness of a Black Planet	Best Rap Functioning past a Duo or Grouping	Nominated
1992	Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Blackness	All-time Rap Performance past a Duo or Group	Nominated
1993	Greatest Misses	All-time Rap Performance past a Duo or Group	Nominated
1995	"Bring the Noise" (with Anthrax)	All-time Metallic Operation	Nominated

American Music Awards [edit]

Year	Nominated work	Award	Result
1989	It Takes a Nation of Millions to Agree Us Dorsum	Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Anthology	Nominated
1991	Fearfulness of a Black Planet	Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album	Nominated
1992	Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black	Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album	Nominated

Rock and Ringlet Hall of Fame [edit]

Public Enemy was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2013.

References [edit]

1. ^ Pinn, Anthony (2005). "Rap Music and Its Bulletin". In Forbes, Bruce; Mahan, Jeffrey H. (eds.). Faith and Popular Civilisation in America. University of California Press. p. 262. ISBN9780520932579 . Retrieved March one, 2021 – via Google Books.
2. ^ "Season of the month". TheGuardian.com . Retrieved September 26, 2019.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Public Enemy is 'moving forrard without Flavor Flav' later Bernie Sanders rally dispute". USA Today . Retrieved March six, 2020.
4. ^ ^{a b} McCombs, Joseph (December xi, 2012). "Decking the Hall: The Rock and Coil Hall of Fame'south New Members – Public Enemy". Fourth dimension. New York. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Public Enemy split with Flavor Flav was a hoax, group now says". Reuters. April 1, 2020.
6. ^ "On April Fools' Day, Public Enemy reveals Flavor Flav's firing was a hoax". Los Angeles Times. April 1, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
7. ^ Hilburn, Robert (July v, 1998). "Is Anyone Out In that location Really Listening?". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 11, 2013.
8. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Public Enemy - Biography & History". AllMusic . Retrieved March 4, 2017.
9. ^ "Public Enemy, Rush, Center, Donna Summer to exist inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". EW.com . Retrieved July 16, 2018.
10. ^ Chang 2005, pp. 239, 241-242.
11. ^ Chuck D. and Yusuf Jah, Fight the Power, p. 82.
12. ^ Chang 2005, p. 247.
13. ^ Reynolds, Simon. "Public Enemy", Melody Maker, October 17, 1987.
14. ^ SPIN - Google Books. September 1989. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
15. ^ "Canadian Music - HuffPost Canada". music.aol.ca . Retrieved April 19, 2014.
16. ^ Lee, Spike. "Riot on the Set up: How Public Enemy Crafted the Anthem 'Fight the Power'". rollingstone.com, June 30, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2017
17. ^ "Public Enemy Expect Back at 20 Years of 'By the Time I Get to Arizona'". Spin Magazine. SpinMedia. November 10, 2011.
18. ^ Azerrad, Michael (October 29, 1992). "Nirvana, Public Enemy, Beastie Boys Cross the Pond for Reading Fest". Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 25, 2021. {{cite mag}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
19. ^ "My Ostrich Weighs a Ton". Vibe. March 1998.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Chang, Jeff (2005). Can't Finish Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation . New York: Picador. ISBN0312425791.
• Chuck D: Lyrics of a Rap Revolutionary, Off Da Books, 2007 ISBN 0-9749484-one-i
• Chuck D with Yusuf Jah, Fight the Power, Delacorte Press, 1997 ISBN 0-385-31868-v
• Fuck Yous Heroes, Glen Eastward. Friedman Photographs 1976–1991, Burning Flags Printing, 1994, ISBN 0-9641916-0-1
• Serpick, Evan. "Public Enemy Expect Back at 20 Years of 'By the Fourth dimension I Go to Arizona'." Spin. Spin, November 10, 2011. Spider web.
• White, Miles. Race, Rap and the performance of Mascinity in American Popular Culture. 2011. Academy of Illinois. Urbana. ISBN 978-0-252-07832-3

External links [edit]

• Public Enemy discography at Discogs
• Videos

hartsurpery.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy

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